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separate education

  • 1 separate education

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > separate education

  • 2 separate education

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > separate education

  • 3 separate

    1. [ʹsep(ə)rıt] n
    1. полигр. отдельный оттиск ( статьи)
    2. pl блузки, юбки, брюки и т. п., которые можно надевать в разных комбинациях
    3. pl с.-х. отдельности ( почвы)
    2. [ʹsep(ə)rıt] a
    1. 1) отдельный; изолированный; обособленный, отделённый

    separate room - изолированная /отдельная/ комната

    separate system of imprisonment - юр. тюремная система одиночных камер

    separate drive - тех. одиночный /индивидуальный/ привод

    to live separate from smb. - жить отдельно от кого-л.

    2) раздельный

    separate loading - воен. раздельное заряжание

    separate ammunition - воен. боеприпасы раздельного заряжания

    separate pagination - полигр. раздельная пагинация

    3) сепаратный
    2. особый, специальный; самостоятельный

    these are two entirely separate questions - это два совершенно самостоятельных вопроса

    separate account - фин. специальный счёт

    separate battalion - воен. отдельный батальон

    3. бот. однополый ( о цветке)

    separate development - «раздельное развитие», расовая сегрегация (под предлогом создания равных, но раздельных возможностей)

    ❝separate but equal❞ - ≅ «равенство порознь» (доктрина, оправдывающая расовую сегрегацию, в т. ч. в школах)

    separate estate - юр. отдельное /обособленное/ имущество ( замужней женщины)

    separate maintenance - юр. содержание, выплачиваемое мужем жене в случае соглашения о раздельном жительстве

    3. [ʹsepəreıt] v
    1. 1) отделять, разъединять

    gardens separated by a wall - сады, разделённые стеной

    the two events are separated in time by one hundred years - во времени эти события отстоят друг от друга на сотню лет

    to separate the sheep from the goats - библ. отделить агнцев от козлищ

    2) отделяться, разъединяться
    3) различать, отличать
    2. 1) разделять

    to separate smth. into parts [into classes, into parties, into lots] - разделить что-л. на части [на классы, на партии, на участки]

    2) выделять, экстрагировать; сепарировать
    3) сортировать, отсеивать (тж. separate out)
    3. 1) разлучать

    to separate smb. from smb., smth. - разлучать кого-л. с кем-л., чем-л.

    2) расставаться, разлучаться

    the friends didn't separate till midnight - друзья не расставались до полуночи

    we have to separate at the crossroad - от перекрёстка нам придётся идти в разные стороны

    in some way he became separated from his companions - каким-то образом он отделился /отстал/ от своих спутников

    3) расходиться ( о супругах); жить врозь ( без развода)
    4. 1) разлагать ( на части)
    2) хим. выделять из раствора, выделять отстаиванием
    3) разделять ( фракции)
    5. увольнять с военной службы; демобилизовывать

    НБАРС > separate

  • 4 separate

    1. n полигр. отдельный оттиск
    2. n с. -х. отдельности
    3. a отдельный; изолированный; обособленный, отделённый

    separate crime — самостоятельное, отдельное преступление

    4. a раздельный
    5. a сепаратный
    6. a особый, специальный; самостоятельный
    7. a бот. однополый
    8. v отделять, разъединять

    gardens separated by a wall — сады, разделённые стеной

    9. v отделяться, разъединяться
    10. v различать, отличать
    11. v выделять, экстрагировать; сепарировать
    12. v сортировать, отсеивать
    13. v разлучать
    14. v расставаться, разлучаться
    15. v расходиться; жить врозь
    16. v разлагать
    17. v хим. выделять из раствора, выделять отстаиванием
    18. v разделять
    19. v увольнять с военной службы; демобилизовывать
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. apart (adj.) apart; detached; disconnected; disunited; divided; unattached
    2. distinct (adj.) different; distinct; diverse; several; various
    3. free (adj.) autarchic; autarkic; autonomous; free; independent; sovereign
    4. single (adj.) discrete; individual; lone; one; only; particular; single; singular; sole; solitary; unique
    5. alienate (verb) alienate; estrange
    6. break up (verb) break up; dichotomize; disjoint; dissect; dissever; rupture; split up; sunder; uncombine
    7. discharge (verb) demobilise; demobilize; discharge; muster out
    8. group (verb) assort; categorise; class; classify; group; pigeon-hole; sort out
    9. isolate (verb) close off; cut off; enisle; insulate; island; isolate; seclude; segregate; sequester
    10. know (verb) difference; differentiate; discern; discrepate; discriminate; distinguish; extricate; know; severalize; tell
    11. sort (verb) comb; sift; sort; winnow
    12. split (verb) break; break off; detach; disconnect; disengage; disjoin; disunite; divide; divorce; fragment; part; partition; section; segment; sever; split; undo
    Антонимический ряд:
    attach; blend; combine; conglomerate; connect; connected; consolidate; dependent; fuse; general; include; indistinct; intertwine; join; joined; reconcile; related

    English-Russian base dictionary > separate

  • 5 separate

    I ['sep(ə)rɪt] adj
    отдельный, изолированный, обособленный

    These are two entirely (quite) separate questuions (problems). — Это два отдельные/самостоятельных вопроса (две отдельные проблемы).

    - separate room
    - separate building
    - separate cell
    - separate education
    - separate peace treaty
    - separate offer
    - separate occasion
    - separate account
    - separate part
    - separate from the rest of the children
    - two separate wings of the same building
    - book in two separate volumes
    - take a separate vote on the question
    - keep smth separate
    - keep these pills separate
    - live separate from smb
    - there is a separate room for you
    II ['sepəreɪt]
    1) расставаться, расходиться

    They walked a mile together and then separated. — Они прошли вместе с милю и разошлись.

    - separate into two parties
    - separate on the corner
    2) разнимать, отделять, разлучать

    We don't want to be separated. — Мы не хотим, чтобы нас разлучали.

    England is separated from France by the Channel. — Англия отделена от Франции Ла-Маншем.

    - separate smb
    - separate the fighters
    - separate smth
    - separate two fields by a fence
    - separate sense from nonsense
    CHOICE OF WORDS:

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > separate

  • 6 separate

    I
    1. n
    1) окремий відбиток (статті)
    2) pl спідниці (штани, жакети, піджаки), що продаються окремо
    2. adj
    1) окремий; ізольований; відособлений; відокремлений

    separate ammunitionвійськ. боєприпаси роздільного заряджання

    separate driveтех. одиночний (індивідуальний) привод

    separate flowerбот. одностатева квітка

    separate loadingвійськ. роздільне заряджання

    separate maintenanceюр. аліменти дружині після розлучення

    separate paginationдрук. нарізна пагінація

    separate system of imprisonmentюр. в'язнична система одиночних камер

    2) сепаратний
    3) самостійний, особливий, спеціальний

    separate battalionвійськ. окремий батальйон

    II
    v
    1) відокремлювати, відділяти, роз'єднувати
    2) відокремлюватися, роз'єднуватися, відділятися
    3) відрізняти, розрізняти
    4) ділити, розділяти

    to separate smth. into parts — розділити щось на частки

    5) сортувати, відсіювати
    6) розлучати

    to separate smb. from smb., smth. — розлучити когось з кимсь, чимсь

    7) розлучатися, розходитися
    8) розкладати (на частини)
    9) хім. виділяти з розчину; виділяти відстоюванням
    * * *
    I n
    1) пoлiгp. окремий відбиток ( статті)
    2) pl блузки, спідниці, штани, які можна надягати в різних комбінаціях
    3) pl; c-г окремості ( ґрунту)
    II a
    1) окремий; ізольований; відособлений, відділений

    separate cell — одиночна камера; роздільний; сепаратний

    2) особливий, спеціальний; самостійний
    3) бoт. одностатевий ( про квітку)
    III v
    1) відокремлювати, роз'єднувати; відділятися, роз'єднуватися; розрізняти, відрізняти
    2) розділяти, ділити; виділяти, екстрагувати; сепарувати

    to separate metal from ore — збагачувати руду; сортувати, відсівати ( separate out)

    3) розлучати; розставатися, розлучатися; розходитися ( про подружжя); жити нарізно ( без розлучення)
    4) розкладати ( на частини); xiм. виділяти з розчину, виділяти відстоюванням; розділяти, ділити ( фракції)
    5) звільняти з військової служби; демобілізовувати

    English-Ukrainian dictionary > separate

  • 7 separate

    1 adjective ['sepərət]
    (a) (different, distinct → category, meaning, issue) distinct, à part; (→ incident, times, episodes) différent;
    that's quite a separate matter ça, c'est une toute autre affaire;
    the two issues are quite separate les deux problèmes sont distincts;
    they sleep in separate rooms (children) ils ont chacun leur chambre; (couple) ils font chambre à part;
    administration and finance are in separate departments l'administration et les finances relèvent de services différents;
    the canteen is separate from the main building la cantine se trouve à l'extérieur du bâtiment principal;
    begin each chapter on a separate page commencez chaque chapitre sur une nouvelle page;
    use a separate piece of paper utilisez une feuille séparée;
    I'd prefer them to come on separate days je préférerais qu'ils viennent à des jours différents;
    it happened on four separate occasions cela s'est produit à quatre reprises;
    she likes to keep her home life separate from the office elle tient à ce que son travail n'empiète pas sur sa vie privée;
    the peaches must be kept separate from the lemons les pêches et les citrons ne doivent pas être mélangés;
    he was kept separate from the other children on le tenait à l'écart ou on l'isolait des autres enfants;
    separate but equal = doctrine en vigueur aux États-Unis de 1896 à 1954, selon laquelle la séparation entre Noirs et Blancs était licite du moment qu'ils bénéficiaient de services (éducation, transports etc) équivalents
    (b) (independent → entrance, living quarters) indépendant, particulier; (→ existence, organization) indépendant;
    they lead very separate lives ils mènent chacun leur vie;
    they went their separate ways (after meeting) ils sont partis chacun de leur côté; figurative (in life) chacun a suivi sa route
    2 noun ['sepərət]
    (a) (in stereo) élément m séparé
    (b) American (offprint) tiré m à part
    3 transitive verb ['sepəreɪt]
    (a) (divide, set apart) séparer; (detach → parts, pieces) séparer, détacher;
    he stepped in to separate the fighting dogs il est intervenu pour séparer les chiens qui se battaient;
    the last three coaches will be separated from the rest of the train les trois derniers wagons seront détachés du reste du train;
    the Bosphorus separates Europe from Asia le Bosphore sépare l'Europe de l'Asie;
    the seriously ill were separated from the other patients les malades gravement atteints étaient isolés des autres patients;
    the records can be separated into four categories les disques peuvent être divisés ou classés en quatre catégories
    (b) (keep distinct) séparer, distinguer;
    to separate reality from myth distinguer le mythe de la réalité, faire la distinction entre le mythe et la réalité
    (c) Cookery (milk) écrémer; (egg) séparer;
    separate the whites from the yolks séparez les blancs des jaunes
    4 intransitive verb ['sepəreɪt]
    (a) (go different ways) se quitter, se séparer;
    they separated after the meeting ils se sont quittés après la réunion
    (b) (split up → couple) se séparer, rompre; (→ in boxing, duel) rompre; Politics (→ party) se scinder;
    they separated on good terms ils se sont séparés à l'amiable;
    the party separated into various factions le parti s'est scindé en diverses factions
    (c) (come apart, divide → liquid) se séparer; (→ parts) se séparer, se détacher, se diviser;
    the boosters separate from the shuttle les propulseurs auxiliaires se détachent de la navette;
    the model separates into four parts la maquette se divise en quatre parties
    ['sepərəts] (clothes) coordonnés mpl
    ►► French Canadian separate school école f libre
    séparer, trier
    se séparer
    séparer, diviser;
    to separate sth up into equal shares diviser ou partager qch en parts égales

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > separate

  • 8 separate

    ̘. ̈a.ˈseprɪt
    1. прил.
    1) а) отдельный;
    обособленный Cut it into four separate parts. ≈ Разрежьте это на четыре части. separate maintenanceсодержание, назначаемое жене при разводе б) раздельный;
    полит. сепаратный
    2) изолированный, замкнутый;
    автономный Syn: isolated, insulated
    3) индивидуальный, самостоятельный;
    независимый These are two entirely separate questions. ≈ Это два совершенно самостоятельных вопроса. Syn: individual, independent
    4) бот. однополый( о цветке)
    2. сущ. отдельный оттиск (статьи)
    3. гл.
    1) а) отделять(ся), разделять(ся) ;
    разъединять The garage is separated from the house by a path and a flower garden. ≈ Гараж отделен от дома дорожкой и цветочным садом. Only one game separates us from total victory. ≈ Всего лишь один матч отделяет нас от полной победы. to separate the sheep from the goats ≈ библ. отделить агнцев от козлищ Syn: detach, disconnect, disengage, dismember, disunite Ant: combine, connect, consolidate, engage б) разлучаться, расходиться, расставаться( о людях) When did you separate from your husband? ≈ Когда ты разошлась с мужем? в) различать, отличать( правду от лжи и т. п. from) Syn: distinguish
    2) а) выделять, экстрагировать( что-л. из чего-л.) ;
    сепарировать;
    отсеивать, сортировать (тж. separate out) Separate off the top of the cream and use it to make butter. ≈ Отделите верхнюю часть сметаны и используйте ее для приготовления масла. б) хим. выделять из раствора (отстаиванием)
    3) тж. хим. разлагать (на части) The action of heat will separate the chemical into a substance and oxygen. ≈ При помощи реакции горения химикат разделится на твердое вещество и кислород.
    4) воен. демобилизовывать, увольнять ∙ separate off separate out separate up (полиграфия) отдельный оттиск( статьи) pl блузки, юбки, брюки и т. п., которые можно надевать в разных комбинациях pl (сельскохозяйственное) отдельности (почвы) отдельный;
    изолированный;
    обособленный, отделенный - * room изолированная /отдельная/ комната - * entrance отдельный вход - * cell одиночная камера - a book in two * volumes книга в двух( отдельных) томах - * system of imprisonment (юридическое) тюремная система одиночных камер - * drive( техническое) одиночный /индивидуальный/ привод - to live * from smb. жить отдельно от кого-л. раздельный - * education раздельное обучение( мальчиков и девочек) - * loading( военное) раздельное заряжание - * ammunition( военное) боеприпасы раздельного заряжания - * pagination( полиграфия) раздельная пагинация - to move that a * vote be taken требовать раздельного голосования сепаратный - * peace treaty сепаратный мирный договор - * negotiations сепаратные переговоры особый, специальный;
    самостоятельный - these are two entirely * questions это два совершенно самостоятельных вопроса - * account( финансовое) специальный счет - * existence of matter самостоятельное существование материи - * battalion( военное) отдельный батальон (ботаника) однополый (о цветке) > * development "раздельное развитие", расовая сегрегация (под предлогом создания равных, но раздельных возможностей) > "* but equal" "равенство порознь" (доктрина, оправдывающая расовую сегрегацию, в т.ч. в школах) > * estate( юридическое) отдельное /обособленное/ имущество( замужней женщины) > * maintenance( юридическое) содержание, выплачиваемое мужем жене в случае соглашения о раздельном жительстве отделять, разъединять - gardens *d by a wall сады, разделенные стеной - widely *d homestead разбросанные фермы - the river *s the two countries река разделяет эти две страны - to * religion from politics отделить религию от политики - to * a word by a hyphen разделить слово дефисом - to * by a comma отделить запятой - to * two boxers развести двух боксеров - the two events are *d in time by one hundred years во времени эти события отстоят друг от друга на сотню лет - to * the sheep from the goats (библеизм) отделить агнцев от козлищ - to * the wires разъединить провода отделяться, разъединяться - the rope *d under the strain веревка разорвалась от натяжения различать, отличать - to * truth from falsehood отличать истину от лжи разделять - to * smth. into parts разделить что-л. на части выделять, экстрагировать;
    сепарировать - to * milk сепарировать молоко - to * cream from milk отделять сливки от молока - to * metal from ore обогащать руду сортировать, отсеивать (тж. * out) - to * bran from flour отсеивать отруби( из муки) - to * mail разбирать почту разлучать - to * smb. from smb., smth. разлучать кого-л. с кем-л., чем-л. расставаться, разлучаться - the friends didn't * till midnight друзья не расставались до полуночи - we have to * at the crossroad от перекрестка нам придется идти в разные стороны - in some way he become *d from his companions каким-то образом он отделился /отстал/ от своих спутников расходиться (о супругах) ;
    жить врозь (без развода) - they *d amicably они разошлись мирно - to live *d from one's wife жить отдельно от жены разлагать (на части) (химическое) выделять из раствора, выделять отстаиванием разделять (фракции) увольнять с военной службы;
    демобилизовывать ~ отдельный;
    cut it into four separate parts разрежьте это на четыре части;
    separate maintenance содержание, назначаемое жене при разводе separate демобилизовать ~ изолированный;
    уединенный ~ особый, индивидуальный;
    самостоятельный;
    these are two entirely separate questions это два совершенно самостоятельных вопроса ~ отдельный;
    cut it into four separate parts разрежьте это на четыре части;
    separate maintenance содержание, назначаемое жене при разводе ~ отдельный оттиск (статьи) ~ отделять(ся), разделять(ся) ;
    разлучать(ся) ;
    расходиться ~ отделять(ся), разделять(ся) ~ отделять ~ отделяться ~ раздельный, отдельный, сепаратный ~ разлагать (на части) ~ различать ~ разлучать (о супругах) ~ разъединять ~ разъединяться ~ расходиться (о супругах) ~ сепаратный ~ сортировать, отсеивать;
    to separate chaff from grain очищать зерно от мякины ~ сортировать ~ воен. увольнять, демобилизовывать separatum: separatum (pl ta) = separate ~ сортировать, отсеивать;
    to separate chaff from grain очищать зерно от мякины ~ особый, индивидуальный;
    самостоятельный;
    these are two entirely separate questions это два совершенно самостоятельных вопроса

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > separate

  • 9 separate but equal

    ист, полит
    "раздельные (разделенные), но равные"
    Эта фраза о правах дискриминируемого меньшинства появилась в решении Верховного суда [ Supreme Court, U.S.] в 1896 по делу "Плесси против Фергюсона" [ Plessy v. Ferguson]. По мнению Суда, штат имел право вводить сегрегацию [ segregation], обеспечивающую "раздельные, но равные" права части населения на общественном транспорте, и это не противоречило требованиям Четырнадцатой поправки [ Fourteenth Amendment] к Конституции. В 1954 Суд отменил это решение и вынес другое, которое гласило: "Мы делаем вывод, что в области государственного образования доктрина "раздельного, но равного" неуместна"

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > separate but equal

  • 10 separate but equal

    «раздельные, но равные». Доктрина, согласно которой расовая сегрегация не противоречит Конституции США, если условия, предоставляемые чёрным и белым, относительно одинаковы. Использовалась в течение долгого времени для оправдания сегрегации в школах, ресторанах, общественных местах, на транспорте и т.д. В течение многих десятилетий Верховный Суд США отказывался признать эту доктрину неконституционной, ссылаясь на то, что вопрос о гражданских правах — это компетенция штатов. Впервые в 1954 в решении по делу Брауна против Совета по образованию [*Brown versus Board of Education] Верховный Суд единогласно признал доктрину «раздельный, но равный» неконституционной. За этим решением последовала серия законов о предоставлении гражданских прав неграм в 1960-х гг.

    США. Лингвострановедческий англо-русский словарь > separate but equal

  • 11 business education

    English-Russian base dictionary > business education

  • 12 Brown versus Board of Education

    • Brown versus Board of Education (Brown decision) «Браун против Управления образования»«Решение по делу Брауна». Решение Верховного Суда США в 1954 относительно десегрегации школ. Суд постановил, что сегрегация в школах запрещена Конституцией, и отменил принцип «отдельный, но равный» [‘separate but equal'] для белых и чёрных в народном образовании, которого придерживались многие местные органы. Суд отошёл от своей традиции и использовал аргументы социологии, чтобы показать, что раздельное обучение неравноценно и неравно по самой своей природе. Решение по делу Брауна имело огромное влияние на систему образования по всей стране, не только в местах, где сегрегация школ опиралась на законодательства штатов, но и на школы, где сегрегация существовала де-факто. Федеральное правительство в последующие за решением Суда годы потребовало от органов народного образования пересмотреть границы школьных округов, с тем, чтобы школы имели смешанный в расовом отношении состав учеников

    США. Лингвострановедческий англо-русский словарь > Brown versus Board of Education

  • 13 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

    "Браун против Совета по образованию Топики, штат Канзас"
    Дело в Верховном суде США [ Supreme Court, U.S.], решение по которому (1954) определило, что расовая сегрегация [ segregation] в государственных школах [ public school] нарушает Четырнадцатую поправку [ Fourteenth Amendment] к Конституции. Суд определил незаконность доктрины "раздельные, но равные" [ separate but equal]. В 1955 Суд дал указание провести немедленную десегрегацию, оставив методы ее проведения на усмотрение федеральных окружных судов [ district court]. Дело считается одним из важнейших в конституционной истории Америки. За решением Суда последовало признание неконституционности других видов сегрегации, пошло на подъем движение за права афро-американцев [ Afro-Americans]. Практически это решение, подкрепленное законодательными актами, вызвало социальную революцию

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

  • 14 нарізне навчання для хлопців і дівчат

    Українсько-англійський словник > нарізне навчання для хлопців і дівчат

  • 15 раздельный

    1) (отдельный, обособленный) separate

    разде́льное обуче́ние — separate education for boys and girls

    разде́льная убо́рка с.-х.two-stage harvesting

    разде́льный сану́зел — separate bathroom and toilet, toilet separate from the bathroom

    разде́льное голосова́ние — vote on individual items

    разде́льное жи́тельство (супругов)separation

    Новый большой русско-английский словарь > раздельный

  • 16 раздельный

    Русско-английский словарь Смирнитского > раздельный

  • 17 раздельное обучение

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > раздельное обучение

  • 18 near cash

    !
    гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.
    The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
    "
    consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
    " "
    the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
    " "
    strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
    "
    the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.
    The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
    "
    the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
    "
    the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.
    Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.
    Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)
    "
    Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
    "
    Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.
    More information about DEL and AME is set out below.
    In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.
    Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.
    Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.
    There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.
    AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.
    AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.
    AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.
    Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.
    Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.
    Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
    "
    Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
    "
    Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
    "
    Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
    "
    The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.
    The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.
    The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.
    Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.
    The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
    "
    provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
    " "
    enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
    " "
    introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
    "
    not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.
    To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.
    A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
    "
    an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
    " "
    an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
    " "
    to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
    "
    further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.
    The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.
    Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.
    The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.
    Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.
    To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.
    This document was updated on 19 December 2005.
    Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money
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    "
    GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
    "
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    GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money
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    GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.
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    Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

  • 19 С-6

    CAM ПО СЕБЕ AdjP fixed WO
    1. ( usu. modif) (of a person, thing, phenomenon etc) considered as a separate entity, with a focus on his or its intrinsic qualities, apart from related circumstances, events etc
    in (and of) oneself (itself)
    (in limited contexts) in one's (its) own right (when it modif ies a deverbal noun or a clause) the very fact of (doing sth.) the mere fact that... Мне было неловко видеть её (бабушки) печаль при свидании с нами я сознавал, что мы сами по себе ничто в её глазах, что мы ей дороги только как воспоминание... (Толстой 2). I was embarrassed to see her (Grandmother's) sorrow at the sight of us
    I realized that in ourselves we were nothing in her eyes, that we were dear to her only as a reminder... (2b).
    «Сама по себе затея написать книжку о выдающемся деятеле шестидесятых годов ничего предосудительного в себе не содержит» (Набоков 1). "In itself the idea of writing a book about an outstanding public figure of the sixties contains nothing reprehensible" (1a).
    Для Анны Николаевны пролетарская этика была священна сама по себе... (Богданов 1). То Anna Nikolaevna, proletarian ethics were sacred in and of themselves... (1a).
    В конце концов я узнал, что Иванько Сергей Сергеевич, 1925 года рождения: а) родственник бывшего председателя КГБ Семичастного б) ближайший друг бывшего представителя СССР в Организации Объединённых Наций... Николая Т. Федоренко в) сам по себе тоже большая шишка (Войнович 3). In the end, I learned that Ivanko, Sergei Sergeevich, born 1925, was: a. A relative of the former director of the KGB, Semichastny. b. A close friend of Nikolai T. Fedorenko, the former Soviet representative to the United Nations... c. A big shot in his own right (3a).
    На избирательных участках стоят, правда, задёрнутые шторами кабинки для «тайного» голосования... но даже сам по себе заход в эту кабинку будет кем-нибудь отмечен, и в досье совершившего этот «антиобщественный» поступок гражданина появится соответствующая отметка (Войнович 1). The polling places do...have booths with blinds that can be closed for casting a "secret" ballot....But the very fact of entering the booth will be noted in the dossier of the citizen committing that "antisocial" act (1a).
    Основное обвинение отец решительно отверг, но то, что он не сгрёб Лёву за шиворот и не вышвырнул тут же из кабинета, само по себе было очень примечательно (Битов 2). Father emphatically rejected the main accusation, but the mere fact that he didn't scoop Lyova up by the scruff of the neck and fling him right out of the study was very noteworthy (2a).
    2. расти, жить и т. п. -
    adv
    (of a child) (to grow up) without receiving any attention, care, guidance etc from one's parents or guardians, (of an adult) (to live) having little or no contact with the person or people with whom one lives
    on one's own
    (in limited contexts) live one's own life.
    Родители были всегда заняты, и мальчик фактически рос сам по себе. The boy's parents were always busy, so actually he grew up on his own.
    У них с отцом (у Андрея с отцом) не существовало каких-то особых отношений - ни плохих, ни хороших, каждый... жил сам по себе (Распутин 2). Не (Andrei) and his father had no special relationship-it wasn't bad, it wasn't good, each lived his own life (2a).
    3. бытье, существовать, жить и т. п. - ( subj-compl with copula (subj: human, abstr, or concr) or adv
    when used with two subjects, the idiom is repeated with each of them
    often used in two clauses connected by contrastive Conj «a») some thing (phenom- Дойдя на Севере до Архангельска... (куриный) мор остановился сам собой по той причине, что идти ему дальше было некуда, - в Белом море куры, как известно, не водятся (Булгаков 10). Having reached Archangel...in the North, the (chicken) plague stopped by itself, for the reason that there was nowhere for it to go-as everybody knows, there are no hens in the White Sea (10b).
    Про кампанию оппозиции забудут, и она задохнется сама собой (Зиновьев 1). The campaign for protest will be forgotten and it'll wither away on its own" (1a).
    Князь Андрей, точно так же как и все люди полка, нахмуренный и бледный, ходил взад и вперёд по лугу... Делать и приказывать ему нечего было. Всё делалось само собою. Убитых оттаскивали за фронт, раненых относили, ряды смыкались (Толстой 6). Prince Andrei, pale and depressed like everyone else in the regiment, paced up and down from one border to another on the meadow...There were no orders to be given, nothing for him to do. Everything happened of itself. The dead were dragged back from the front, the wounded carried away, and again the ranks closed up (5a).
    Мнили, что во время этой гульбы хлеб вырастет сам собой, и потому перестали возделывать поля (Салтыков-Щедрин 1). They imagined that while this gaiety was going on, the corn would grow of its own accord, and they gave up tilling the fields (1b).
    Нож», — крикнул Филипп Филиппович. Нож вскочил ему в руки как бы сам собой... (Булгаков 11). "Knife," cried Philip Philippovich. The knife leaped into his hands as of its own volition... (1 la).
    О его сборничке так никто и не написал, - он почему-то полагал, что это само собою сделается, и даже не потрудился разослать редакциям... (Набоков 1). His book of poems did not get any reviews after all (somehow he had assumed it would happen automatically and had not even taken the trouble of sending out review copies...) (1a).
    2. \С-6 додумался до чего, добился чего и т. п. obsoles (one came up with an idea or solution, achieved sth. etc) independently, without anyone's help: (all) by o.s. (Городничий:) О, я знаю вас: вы если начнёте говорить о сотворении мира, просто волосы дыбом поднимаются. (Ам-мос Фёдорович:) Да ведь сам собою дошёл... (Гоголь 4). (Mayor:) Oh I know you. When you start spouting your crazy theories of the Creation, it's enough to make a man's hair stand on end. (A.E:) But I arrived at it all by myself... (4f). enon etc) is separate from, exists separately from a connected thing (phenomenon etc)
    some person (or group) lives, works etc individually, apart from some other person (or group): (all) by o.s. (itself) on one's (its) own independently (of s.o. sth.) (of things, phenomena etc only) (be) a separate entity (separate entities)
    (when both subjects are specified) X сам по себе, a Y сам по себе = (of people) X went X's way and Y went Y's
    (of things) X is one thing and Y is another.
    (Липочка:) Так смотрите же, Лазарь Елизарыч, мы будем жить сами по себе, а они (тятенька и маменька) сами по себе (Островский 10). (L.:) Then, look here, Lazar Elizarych, we'll live by ourselves, and they'll (mama and daddy will) live by themselves (10a).
    ...Он (Лёва) ещё не может знать, не подозревает о существовании этих фактов, но эти факты тем не менее существуют сами по себе и существуют некоторым образом в его незнании (Битов 2)....He (Lyova) cannot yet know about and does not suspect the existence of these facts, yet the facts nevertheless exist independently and also exist, after a fashion, in his ignorance (2a).
    Ты, Илья Никанорыч, не подумай чего, наше дело -сторона, мы люди маленькие... Ванька сам по себе, а я сам по себе, у меня к евонным ( ungrammat — его) затеям никакого касательства» (Максимов 1). "Ilya Nikanorych, please don't get the wrong idea. We're not mixed up in this, we're just simple people!... Vanka went his way and I went mine. I had nothing to do with what he was up to" (1a).
    Жизнь у него (Обломова) была сама по себе, а наука сама по себе (Гончаров 1). For him (Oblomov) life was one thing and learning another (1b).
    ...У вас на заводе работает инженер с высшим образованием и имеет в своём подчинении 10-12 чел. Он может приказать им что-нибудь только по работе, а после работы или во время выходного дня они ему уже не подчиняются и могут делать, что хотят, как говорится, ты сам по себе, а я сам по себе» (Войнович 2). ( context transl) "...At the factory you have an engineer with a higher education, with some ten to twelve men under him. He can order them to do anything at work, but after work or on their days off they're not subordinate to him any more and they can do whatever they want-as the saying goes, you're your own boss and I'm mine" (2a).
    4. действовать, происходить и т. п. -
    adv
    (of a person) (to act) on one's own initiative, not influenced by anyone's suggestions, without outside interference
    (of a thing, event etc) (to happen, proceed etc) without any outside influence or interference: (all) by o.s. (itself) of one's (its) own accord of one's (its) own volition on one's (its) own.
    «Да где ж это видано, чтобы народ сам по себе собирался без всякого контроля со стороны руководства?» (Войнович 2). "Who ever heard of people assembling all by themselves, without any control on the part of the leadership?" (2a).
    Привычные словосочетания притупляли ощущение горя, уводили сознание в сторону, и вскоре язык Килина болтал уже что-то сам по себе, как отдельный и независимый член организма (Войнович 2). The familiar word patterns dulled his sense of grief, distracted his mind, and soon Kilin's tongue was babbling away all by itself, like a separate and independent part of his body (2a).
    Глаза были похожи на два неестественно голубых, светящихся шарика, подвешенных в воздухе над рулём пустой машины, которая идёт без водителя, сама по себе (Евтушенко 1). They were like two unnaturally blue shiny balloons, suspended in mid-air over the steering wheel of an empty car, which moved along of its own accord without a driver (1a).
    ...Ему надо только придумать первую фразу, а там дальше дело пойдёт само по себе (Войнович 6). ( context transl) Не had only to put together the first sentence, and after that the book would write itself (6a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > С-6

  • 20 сам по себе

    [AdjP; fixed WO]
    =====
    1. [usu. modif]
    (of a person, thing, phenomenon etc) considered as a separate entity, with a focus on his or its intrinsic qualities, apart from related circumstances, events etc:
    - in (and of) oneself < itself>;
    - [in limited contexts] in one's < its> own right;
    - [when it modifies a deverbal noun or a clause] the very fact of (doing sth.);
    - the mere fact that...
         ♦ Мне было неловко видеть её [бабушки] печаль при свидании с нами; я сознавал, что мы сами по себе ничто в её глазах, что мы ей дороги только как воспоминание... (Толстой 2). I was embarrassed to see her [Grandmother's] sorrow at the sight of us; I realized that in ourselves we were nothing in her eyes, that we were dear to her only as a reminder... (2b).
         ♦ "Сама по себе затея написать книжку о выдающемся деятеле шестидесятых годов ничего предосудительного в себе не содержит" (Набоков 1). "In itself the idea of writing a book about an outstanding public figure of the sixties contains nothing reprehensible" (1a).
         ♦ Для Анны Николаевны пролетарская этика была священна сама по себе... (Богданов 1). То Anna Nikolaevna, proletarian ethics were sacred in and of themselves... (1a).
         ♦ В конце концов я узнал, что Иванько Сергей Сергеевич, 1925 года рождения: а) родственник бывшего председателя КГБ Семичастного; б) ближайший друг бывшего представителя СССР в Организации Объединённых Наций... Николая Т. Федоренко; в) сам по себе тоже большая шишка (Войнович 3). In the end, I learned that Ivanko, Sergei Sergeevich, born 1925, was: a. A relative of the former director of the KGB, Semichastny. b. A close friend of Nikolai T. Fedorenko, the former Soviet representative to the United Nations... c. A big shot in his own right (3a).
         ♦ На избирательных участках стоят, правда, задёрнутые шторами кабинки для "тайного" голосования... но даже сам по себе заход в эту кабинку будет кем-нибудь отмечен, и в досье совершившего этот "антиобщественный" поступок гражданина появится соответствующая отметка (Войнович 1). The polling places do...have booths with blinds that can be closed for casting a "secret" ballot....But the very fact of entering the booth will be noted in the dossier of the citizen committing that "antisocial" act (1a).
         ♦ Основное обвинение отец решительно отверг, но то, что он не сгрёб Лёву за шиворот и не вышвырнул тут же из кабинета, само по себе было очень примечательно (Битов 2). Father emphatically rejected the main accusation, but the mere fact that he didn't scoop Lyova up by the scruff of the neck and fling him right out of the study was very noteworthy (2a).
    2. расти, жить и т.п. сам по себе [adv]
    (of a child) (to grow up) without receiving any attention, care, guidance etc from one's parents or guardians, (of an adult) (to live) having little or no contact with the person or people with whom one lives:
    - [in limited contexts] live one's own life.
         ♦ Родители были всегда заняты, и мальчик фактически рос сам по себе. The boy's parents were always busy, so actually he grew up on his own.
         ♦ У них с отцом [у Андрея с отцом] не существовало каких-то особых отношений - ни плохих, ни хороших, каждый... жил сам по себе (Распутин 2). Не [Andrei] and his father had no special relationship-it wasn't bad, it wasn't good, each lived his own life (2a).
    3. быть, существовать, жить и т.п. сам по себе [subj-compl with copula (subj: human, abstr, or concr) or adv; when used with two subjects, the idiom is repeated with each of them; often used in two clauses connected by contrastive Conj " а"]
    some thing (phenomenon etc) is separate from, exists separately from a connected thing (phenomenon etc); some person (or group) lives, works etc individually, apart from some other person (or group):
    - (all) by o.s. < itself>;
    - on one's < its> own;
    - independently (of s.o. < sth.>);
    - [of things, phenomena etc only] (be) a separate entity (separate entities);
    || [when both subjects are specified] X сам по себе, a Y сам по себе [of people] X went X's way and Y went Y's;
    - [of things] X is one thing and Y is another.
         ♦ [Липочка:] Так смотрите же, Лазарь Елизарыч, мы будем жить сами по себе, а они [тятенька и маменька] сами по себе (Островский 10). [L.:] Then, look here, Lazar Elizarych, we'll live by ourselves, and they'll [mama and daddy will] live by themselves (10a).
         ♦...Он [Лёва] ещё не может знать, не подозревает о существовании этих фактов, но эти факты тем не менее существуют сами по себе и существуют некоторым образом в его незнании (Битов 2).... Не [Lyova] cannot yet know about and does not suspect the existence of these facts, yet the facts nevertheless exist independently and also exist, after a fashion, in his ignorance (2a).
         ♦ "Ты, Илья Никанорыч, не подумай чего, наше дело - сторона, мы люди маленькие... Ванька сам по себе, а я сам по себе, у меня к евонным [ungrammat = его] затеям никакого касательства" (Максимов 1). "Ilya Nikanorych, please don't get the wrong idea. We're not mixed up in this, we're just simple people!... Vanka went his way and I went mine. I had nothing to do with what he was up to" (1a).
         ♦ Жизнь у него [Обломова] была сама по себе, а наука сама по себе (Гончаров 1). For him [Oblomov] life was one thing and learning another (1b).
         ♦ "...У вас на заводе работает инженер с высшим образованием и имеет в своём подчинении 10-12 чел. Он может приказать им что-нибудь только по работе, а после работы или во время выходного дня они ему уже не подчиняются и могут делать, что хотят, как говорится, ты сам по себе, а я сам по себе" (Войнович 2). [context transl] "...At the factory you have an engineer with a higher education, with some ten to twelve men under him. He can order them to do anything at work, but after work or on their days off they're not subordinate to him any more and they can do whatever they want-as the saying goes, you're your own boss and I'm mine" (2a).
    4. действовать, происходить и т.п. сам по себе [adv]
    (of a person) (to act) on one's own initiative, not influenced by anyone's suggestions, without outside interference; (of a thing, event etc) (to happen, proceed etc) without any outside influence or interference:
    - (all) by o.s. (itself);
    - on one's (its) own.
         ♦ "Да где ж это видано, чтобы народ сам по себе собирался без всякого контроля со стороны руководства?" (Войнович 2). "Who ever heard of people assembling all by themselves, without any control on the part of the leadership?" (2a).
         ♦ Привычные словосочетания притупляли ощущение горя, уводили сознание в сторону, и вскоре язык Килина болтал уже что-то сам по себе, как отдельный и независимый член организма (Войнович 2). The familiar word patterns dulled his sense of grief, distracted his mind, and soon Kilin's tongue was babbling away all by itself, like a separate and independent part of his body (2a).
         ♦ Глаза были похожи на два неестественно голубых, светящихся шарика, подвешенных в воздухе над рулём пустой машины, которая идёт без водителя, сама по себе (Евтушенко 1). They were like two unnaturally blue shiny balloons, suspended in mid-air over the steering wheel of an empty car, which moved along of its own accord without a driver (1a).
         ♦...Ему надо только придумать первую фразу, а там дальше дело пойдёт само по себе (Войнович 6). [context transl] He had only to put together the first sentence, and after that the book would write itself (6a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > сам по себе

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